37. Mitral Stenosis 🫀 | Causes, Murmur, Diagnosis & Treatment | USMLE Step 2 CK Internal Medicine

📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:-https://t.me/conceptualmedicine009 📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:- https://www.instagram.com/conceptual_... Mitral Stenosis 🫀 | Causes, Murmur, Diagnosis & Treatment | USMLE Step 2 CK Internal Medicine Mitral stenosis (MS) is a valvular heart disease characterized by narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, most commonly due to rheumatic heart disease, and is a frequently tested topic in USMLE Step 2 CK internal medicine and cardiology. The narrowed valve impedes blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, leading to elevated left atrial pressure, pulmonary congestion, and eventually right heart failure. Patients typically present with dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, palpitations, or even hemoptysis. Atrial fibrillation is a common complication due to left atrial enlargement. On auscultation, MS is classically associated with an opening snap followed by a low-pitched, mid-diastolic rumbling murmur best heard at the cardiac apex, especially in the left lateral decubitus position. The shorter the interval between S2 and the opening snap, the more severe the stenosis. Diagnosis begins with echocardiography, which shows thickened mitral leaflets, reduced mitral valve area, and increased transmitral gradient. Chest X-ray may show left atrial enlargement and pulmonary vascular redistribution, while ECG may reveal P mitrale or atrial fibrillation. Management includes rate control and anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation, diuretics for pulmonary congestion, and percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy (PBMV) for symptomatic moderate-to-severe MS with favorable valve anatomy. Surgical valve replacement is considered when PBMV is not an option. This high-yield video reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, classic murmur features, diagnostic workup, and treatment strategies essential for mastering mitral stenosis on USMLE Step 2 CK and in clinical rotations. #MitralStenosis #USMLEStep2CK #CardiologyUSMLE #InternalMedicine #RheumaticHeartDisease #ValvularHeartDisease #OpeningSnap #DiastolicMurmur #BalloonValvotomy #Echocardiography #Step2Prep #AFib #HeartSounds #MedicalStudents #BoardExamPrep #CardiacExamination #HeartFailure #PulmonaryHypertension #USMLEReview #ConceptualMedicine #MedicalConcepts #NEETPGPrep #FMGE2025 #USMLE2025 #ClinicalMedicine #MBBSConcepts #NextExamPrep #MedSchoolMadeEasy #MedStudentLife #HighYieldMedicine #PathophysiologySimplified #LearnMedicineFast #VisualMedicine #MedicalMnemonics #CrackNEETPG #USMLEStep1Prep #MedEducationRevolution #MBBSShorts #DoctorInTheMaking