Pathology(part 1)(Hyperplasia,hypertrophy, metaplasia,dysplasia,atrophy)from First Aid USMLE Step 1

Hypertrophy is when an organ or tissue increases in size due to enlarged cells. It can occur in muscles, hearts, and other organs.   Types of hypertrophy Physiological hypertrophy: An adaptive response that improves function  Pathological hypertrophy: Can be adaptive in some cases, but can also lead to organ dysfunction  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A condition that affects the heart's main pumping chamber, causing the walls to thicken and stiffen. Hyperplasia is a condition where there is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. This can cause the organ or tissue to enlarge.  Types of hyperplasia: Physiologic hyperplasia: When normal cells grow Pathologic hyperplasia: When there are abnormal or precancerous changes Hyperplasia and cancer: Hyperplasia and dysplasia may or may not lead to cancer Endometrial hyperplasia can lead to cancer Examples of hyperplasia: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) An enlarged prostate that is the most common prostate problem in men over 50  Endometrial hyperplasia A condition that can cause heavy or abnormal bleeding, painful cramping, and other symptoms  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) A condition where the adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol or aldosterone, or produce too much androgen. Atrophy is a medical term that means the wasting away or shrinking of a body part, tissue, or organ. It can occur due to a number of possible reasons, including aging, disease, or lack of use.  Types of atrophy: Muscle atrophy The loss of muscle mass and strength, which can occur due to aging, malnutrition, or lack of physical activity  Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) A motor neuron disease that involves the loss of nerve cells in the spinal cord  Vaginal atrophy The thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls, which can occur after menopause  Liver atrophy A condition that occurs with aging  Osteoporosis A condition that occurs with aging that causes bones to become lighter and more porous. Metaplasia is the transformation of a cell type to another cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may be part of a normal maturation process, or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which there is an abnormal change in the mucosal cells lining the lower portion of the esophagus, from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells that are normally present only in the small intestine and large intestine. Dysplasia is any of various types of abnormal growth or development of cells or organs, and the abnormal histology or anatomical structure resulting from such growth. Dysplasias on a mainly microscopic scale include epithelial dysplasia and fibrous dysplasia of bone.