Modern Era. Hindi Literature. Bharatendu Era. Dwivedi Era. Chhayavad Era. Progressive Era. Experi...

Modern Era. Hindi Literature. Bharatendu Era. Dwivedi Era. Chhayavad Era. Progressive Era. Experimental Era. New Poetry (Post-Sixties Poetry). Princewood Education Hindi All Classes -    • Hindi All Classes   Hindi Literature -    • हिंदी साहित्य   Hindi Literature Writers and Their Works -    • हिंदी साहित्य के लेखक और उनकी रचनाएँ   History All Classes -    • Playlist   Indian Geography -    • Playlist   Science All Classes -    • Playlist   Math All Classes -    • Playlist   GK All Classes -    • Playlist   00:00 Modern Era 01:15 Bharatendu Era 01:35 Dwivedi Era 02:27 Chhayavad Era 03:42 Progressive Era 05:13 Experimental Era 06:31 New Poetry (Post-Sixties Poetry) 07:27 Tar Saptak Modern Period The Modern Period is also known as the Prose Period, the Renaissance Period, and the New Development Period. How many parts is the Modern Period divided into? 1) Bharatendu Era (1850-1900) 2) Dwivedi Era (1900-1920) 3) Chhayavad Era (1920-1936) 4) Progressive Era (1936-1943) 5) Experimental Era (1943-1960) 6) New Poetry (1960 to present) Characteristics of the Modern Era: 1) Awareness of smallness 2) Love of the country 3) Correct attitude towards women 4) Realism 5) Predominance of various theories. The names of two prominent poets of the modern period: 1) Maithili Sharan Gupta 2) Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' Bharatendu Era (1850-1900) The first manifestation of national sentiment in Hindi literature is found in the works of Bharatendu Harishchandra. Two characteristics of the poetry of the Bharatendu era: 1) Patriotism 2) Social reform Dwivedi Era (1900-1920) Characteristics of the literature of the Dwivedi era: 1) Use of Khariboli 2) Intellectualism 3) Women's freedom 4) Humanistic ideology Famous poets of the Dwivedi era and their compositions: Maithili Sharan Gupta - Saket, Yashodhara, Bharat - Bharati. Ayodhya Singh Upadhyay - Raskalash, Priya Pravas, Vaidehi Vanvas. Shridhar Pathak - Kashmir-Sushma, Gunwant Chhayavad Era (1920 to 1936) The four foundational poets of Chhayavad are Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', and Shrimati Mahadevi Verma. Among these, Mahadevi Verma is the only female poet. Main trends of Chhayavad - 1) Sense of personal experience. 2) Sense of beauty. 3) Humanization of nature. 4) Sense of mystery. Four major poets of Chhayavad and their works - Jaishankar Prasad: Aansoo Jharna, Lahar, Kamayani (incomplete), Karunalaya Mahadevi Verma: Neerja, Rashmi, Neehar, Deepshikha Sumitranandan Pant: Veena, Pallav, Gunjan, Lokayatan, Chidambara Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala': Geetika, Parimal, Anima Progressive Era (1936-1943) Major trends of Progressive poets - 1) Humanistic tendency 2) Opposition to old customs and beliefs 3) Hatred towards the exploiting class and sympathy for the exploited 4) Spirit of rebellion and revolution. Famous poets of the Progressive Era and their works - Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' - Hunkar, Renuka, Raswanti, Dwandgeet, Rashmirathi, Urvashi, Kurukshetra, Chakrawal. Shiv Mangal Singh 'Suman' - Songs of Life, Catastrophe, But Eyes Not Tearing, Vindhya Himalaya. Nagarjun - Thirsty, Stone-Cold Eyes. Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' - Anamika, Anima, Mushroom, Parimal, Bela, Worship, Archana. The Experimental Era (1943-1960) When did Experimentalism begin? The beginning of Experimentalism is considered to be with the collection 'Tarasaptak' edited by Agyeya. 'Tarasaptak' was published in 1943 and contained the works of seven poets. Poet Agyeya's full name is Sachchidanand Hiranand Vatsyayan Agyeya. Main trends of Prayagwadi poetry: 1) Extreme individualism. 2) Ultra-realistic approach 3) Voices of frustration and despair 4) Serious intellectualism Major poets of Prayogvad and their works - 1) Bhavani Prasad Mishra - "Song Sellers", "Inscriptions of Fragrance" 2) Girija Kumar Mathur - "Paddy of Sunshine", "Stones of Shining Stone" 3) Dharamveer Bharti - "Cold Iron", "Kanupriya" 4) Agyeya - "A Moment on Green Grass", "Golden Algae", "Indra's Bow Is Drowned" New Poetry (1960 to Present) Characteristics of New Poetry - 1) Ultra-realism 2) Use of new symbols 3) Predominance of intellectualism Poets and works of New Poetry - 1) Trilochan Shastri - "Earth", "Rose and Nightingale", "Digant", "Words", "Chaiti", "My Home", "Amola". 2) Ashok Bajpai, "Purusha," "Vivaksha," "Bahuri Akela," "Another Name for Hope," "The Letter Dropped from the Text." Taar Saptak Taar Saptak is a collection of poetry. Agyeya compiled and edited Taar Saptak in 1943, forming a group of seven poets to write new poetry. Taar Saptak is considered the starting point of new p...