Biological source and family of various secondary metabolites containing phytochemicals | #cognosy

Alkaloids- Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. The plants or their constituents belonging to alkaloids are vinca, rauwolfia, belladonna, opium, atropine, quinine, reserpine and caffeine. Vinca is obtained from the dried whole plant of catharanthus roseus belonging to the family apocynaceae. Vinca is an indole alkaloid. Rauwolfia is obtained from the dried roots of the plant rauwolfia serpentina benth belonging to the family apocynaceae. Rauwolfia is also an indole alkaloid. Belladonna is obtained from the dried leaves and aerial part of atropa belladonna & atropa acuminata, belonging to the family solanacea. Belladonna is a tropane alkaloid. Opium is obtained from the dried latex obtained by incision of unripe capsule of papaveram somniferum, belonging to the family papaveraceae. It is an opium alkaloid. Atropine is a chemical constituent of belladonna and thus also an alkaloid, thus possessing the same biological source that means, atropine is obtained from the dried leaves and aerial part of the plant atropa belladonna and atropa acuminata belonging to the family solanacea. Quinine is obtained from the dried inner bark of cinchona calisaya or cinchona officinalis, belonging to the family rubiaceae. Reserpine is obtained from the dried roots of the plant rauwolfia serpentina benth belonging to the family apocynaceae. Caffeine is obtained from the dried ripe seeds of coffea arabica belonging to the family rubiaceae. Caffeine is a purine alkaloid. Glycoside- Senna is obtained from the dried leaflets of cassia angustifolia and cassia acutifolia, belonging to the family leguminosae. Senna is well known in india as senna ki patti. Senna is an anthraquinone glycoside. Aloes are obtained from dried juice of leaves of Aloe barbadensus, Aloe perryi & aloe spicata, belonging to family liliaceae. Aloes are also anthraquinone glycoside. Bitter almond are obtained from dried ripe seeds of plant prunus amygdalus, belonging to family rosaceae. Bitter almonds are cyanogenic glycoside. Glycyrhetinic acid is commonly known as liquorice or mullethi. It is obtained from the dried, unpeeled, roots and stolons of glycyrrhiza glabra, belonging to the family leguminosae. It is a triterpenoidal saponin glycoside. Rutin is obtained from the herb of ruta graveolens belonging to rutaceae family. Terpenoids- Menthol or mint or peppermint is well known as pudina. Menthol is a monoterpenoid containing two isoprene units. Menthol is found in peppermint oil which is obtained from the species of mint - Mentha piperita & Mentha arvensis, belonging to the family labiatate. Citral is also a monoterpenoid. Citral or lemonal, is either a pair, or a mixture of terpenoids with the molecular formula C10H16O. The two compounds are geometric isomers. The E-isomer is known as geranial or citral A. The Z-isomer is known as neral or citral B. The biological source of citral is cymbopogon fleuosis, belonging to the family graminae. Artemisin is an antimalarial drug derived from the sweet wormwood plant, Artemisia annua, belonging to the compositae family. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone (a compound made up of three isoprene units bound to cyclic organic esters) and is distilled from the dried leaves or flower clusters of A. annua. Resins- Resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Benzoin Siam is obtained from Styrax tonkinensis, found across Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Benzoin Sumatra is obtained from Styrax benzoin, which grows predominantly on the island of Sumatra. Unlike Siamese benzoin, Sumatran benzoin contains cinnamic acid in addition to benzoic acid. Benzoin belongs to the family styraceae. Guggul or Indian Myrrh is the yellowish gum-resin produced by the stem of the commiphora weightii, belonging to the family burseraceae. Ginger is obtained from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, belonging to the family zingiberaceae. Asafoetida is the dried aromatic gum-resin exuded from the living rhizome, rootstock or taproot of ferula foetida, belonging to the family umbelliferae. Myrrh is an oleo-gum-oresin obtained from the stem and branches of Commiphora molmol, belonging to family Burseraceae. Colophony is a solid residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from the oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris, belonging to the family pinaceae. The biological source of podophyllotoxin is the rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum emodi and podophyllum hexandrum, belonging to the family berberidaceae. Curcumin is the active ingredient of the dietary spice turmeric and is extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, a plant in the Zingiberaceae family. © All copyright reserved Follow us on Instagram (@thepharmacytalks) https://instagram.com/thepharmacytalk...