Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma) (Kidney Cancer) ; Definition, causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma) Definition: Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare, malignant kidney cancer primarily affecting children. Incidence 1. 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 7,500 births. 2. Most common renal tumor in children. 3. Peak age: 2-3 years. 4. Male-to-female ratio: 1:1. Causes and Risk Factors 1. Genetic mutations (WT1, WTX, CTNNB1). 2. Family history. 3. Congenital anomalies (e.g., aniridia, hemihypertrophy). 4. Exposure to radiation. Clinical Features 1. Abdominal mass. 2. Weight loss. 3. Abdominal pain. 4. Nausea and vomiting. 5. Hypertension. 6. Hematuria. Diagnostic Criteria 1. Imaging: Ultrasound, CT, MRI. 2. Biopsy. 3. Serum markers (e.g., alpha-fetoprotein). 4. Urinalysis. Staging (National Wilms Tumor Study Group) 1. Stage I: Tumor confined to kidney. 2. Stage II: Tumor extends beyond kidney. 3. Stage III: Tumor invades renal vein or lymph nodes. 4. Stage IV: Distant metastasis. 5. Stage V: Bilateral kidney involvement. Treatment 1. Surgery (nephrectomy). 2. Chemotherapy (e.g., vincristine, dactinomycin). 3. Radiation therapy. 4. Combination therapy. Prognosis 1. Overall survival rate: 90%. 2. Stage I: 95-100% survival. 3. Stage IV: 50-70% survival. Complications 1. Metastasis. 2. Recurrence. 3. Chemotherapy-related toxicity. 4. Radiation-induced secondary cancers. 5. Chronic kidney disease. #Wilmstumor