Dr. BAMBANG NOORSENA : TOA, BEDUG, SOFAR & LONCENG

1. History of the Call to Prayer in Religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam 2. Relationships between Humans and Religions 3. History of the Use of Symbols of Worship in Religions 4. History of the Use of Loudspeakers (ToA, Drums, and Church Bells) 5. Our religiosity must reach the level of "civilization," not merely formalism.