Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease

In this lecture for BPK 417, we examine the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We explore both direct and indirect mechanisms linking obesity to cardiovascular outcomes, including: • Atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation • Dyslipidemia and hypertension • Insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction • Obesity-related cardiomyopathy • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) • Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) We also examine the so-called “obesity paradox” in cardiovascular disease and discuss possible explanations, including methodological considerations and clinical nuance. A central theme of this lecture is heterogeneity. Cardiovascular risk in obesity is influenced by metabolic profile, fat distribution, inflammation, and comorbid conditions. This session emphasizes pathophysiological complexity rather than simplified causal narratives.