Chemistry Class-21 || S-block || Shivalaya Classes 9664496502
शिवालय क्लासेस जयपुर पता - रिद्धि- सिद्धी चौराहा के पास , गोपालपुरा बाई पास जयपुर सम्पर्क - 9664496502 .--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Download Our App :- https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Join Telegram Channel :- https://t.me/shivalayaclasses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Structure of atom- Development of classical model of an atom- (i) Bohr’s model of atom: Calculation of radius of Bohr’s orbit and energy of an electron, (ii) Dual nature of matter and radiation- quantization of electronic energy levels, spectral evidence for quantization, (iii) Sommerfield’s extension (no mathematical treatment), (iv) De-Broglie’s relationship, (v) Uncertainty principle, (vi) Orbitals and quantum numbers- shapes of orbitals, spatial distribution of atomic orbitals, (vii) Distribution of extra nuclear electrons, Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, n+l Rule, variation in relative energies of orbitals with increase in atomic number, electronic configuration of elements (S, P, D, F, block elements). Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals. Periodic table and periodicity in properties- (i) Electronic configuration and periodic table- the log form of periodic table and S, P, D, F, block elements and advantages over Mendeleev’s periodic table, (ii) Electronic configuration and periodicity in properties, periodic perspectives, (iii) Detailed study of periodicity in physical and chemical properties with special reference to- density, melting and boiling points of elements. Atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity. Electro negativity, variation of effective nuclear charge in a period, metallic character, diagonal relationship. Chemical bonding and molecular structure- (i) Lewis structure- Octet rule and its limitations, (ii) ionic bond- characteristics of ionic compounds, solubility of ionic compounds, (iii) Covalent bond, introductory concept of over-lapping of orbitals and bonds, valence bond theory- Characteristics of covalent compounds. Coordinate bond, partial covalent character in ionic bond, partial ionic character in covalent bond. Fajan’s rule, polarities of covalent molecules, (iv) Bond length, bond angle and bond-energy general consideration, (v) Hybridization of orbitals illustrated with example of compounds of first and second row elements in periodic table- shapes of common molecules- VSEPR Theory, (vi) Hydrogen bond, (vii) Vander Waals forces of attraction. Redox reaction- (i) Concept of formal charge on ions, (ii) Oxidation number, (iii) Oxidation reduction electron transfer concept with examples, (iv) Redox reaction- examples, (v) Balancing of equations by ion-electron method. Equilibrium Chemical equilibrium- (i) Concept of reversibility equilibrium constant, (ii) Law of mass action generalized expression, (iii) Experimental method for verification of law of mass action. factors affecting equilibrium (concentration, pressure, temperature), (iv) Application to systems such as N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3, PCl5 ↔ PCl3 + Cl2, N2 + O2 ↔ 2NO (v) Le Chatelier’s principle-Application. Ionic equilibrium- (i) Electrolytes and non-electrolytes, (ii) Arrhenius theory- Evidence in favour of dissociation theory, (iii) Ionic product of water, (iv)Hydrolysis, degree of hydrolysis, hydrolysis constant, (v) Relation between hydrolysis constant, ionic product of water and dissociation constant, (vi) Common ion effect, (vii) Solubility product and its application to qualitative analysis. Chemical kinetics- (i) Rate of a reaction, (ii) Instantaneous rate of a reaction and order of reaction (Zero and I order), (iii) Factors affecting the rate of reaction, concentration of reactant molecule, effect of temperature on the reaction rate, concept of activation energy, catalysis, (iv) Effect of light on rate of reaction, (v) How fast are chemical reactions? Chemical thermodynamics Thermodynamics and chemical energy science- Basic concepts of thermodynamics, types process, first law of thermodynamics, complete heat, heat capacity, entrophy heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, heat of sublimation. Exothermic and endothermic reactions. Adsorption- Definition, type (physical and chemical) and factors affecting adsorption.
