Parathyroid Hyperplasia ; Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, treatment

Parathyroid hyperplasia is a condition where all four parathyroid glands become enlarged. These glands are located in the neck and play a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH)1. Here are some key points about parathyroid hyperplasia: Causes Inherited Syndromes: It can occur as part of inherited syndromes such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) and MEN 2A, or as isolated familial hyperparathyroidism. Non-Inherited Causes: Chronic kidney disease and chronic vitamin D deficiency can also lead to parathyroid hyperplasia. Symptoms Bone Pain and Fractures: Elevated calcium levels can cause bone pain and increase the risk of fractures. Constipation: High calcium levels can affect the digestive system. Lethargy and Muscle Pain: Elevated calcium can lead to fatigue and muscle pain. Nausea: High calcium levels can cause nausea. Diagnosis Blood Tests: To check levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, PTH, vitamin D, and kidney function tests. Imaging: Bone density exams, kidney ultrasounds, and CT scans may be used to assess the impact of high calcium levels. Treatment Medications: Vitamin D, vitamin D-like medicines, and other medications may be prescribed if the condition is due to kidney disease or low vitamin D levels. Surgery: Surgical removal of 3 1/2 parathyroid glands is often the preferred treatment. The remaining tissue may be implanted in the forearm or neck muscle to regulate calcium levels1. Complications Persistent Hypercalcemia: High calcium levels may persist or recur after surgery. Hypoparathyroidism: Surgery can sometimes lead to low calcium levels due to insufficient PTH production #ParathyroidHyperplasia